Introduction The landscape of targeted drug delivery and nanomedicine has been significantly influenced by liposomes, with their application accelerating across immunotherapy, genetic medicine, and vaccine development, where they provide enhanced targeted delivery and reduced side effects. As these spherical vesicles transition from basic research to complex therapeutic applications, the demand...

Crystallography and cryo-EM require frozen or crystallized samples, leaving flexible proteins, transient interactions, and membrane environments largely invisible. NMR spectroscopy closes this gap. It captures atomic-resolution dynamics in near-physiological conditions, detects weak binders, and characterizes disordered proteins. Modern advances in high-field magnets and isotope...